BLOGS

Exploring the Beauty of Artificial Intelligence

Writing on language model training, evaluation, robust learning, and related statistical methods.

CPT and SFT: What Are We Teaching the Model?

How continued pretraining learns from domain text and supervised fine-tuning learns from demonstrations, with an introduction to fill-in-the-middle, DeepSeek-V3's multi-token prediction, and segment-weighted losses for reasoning and final answers.

Continued pretraining Supervised fine-tuning Training objectives
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On-Policy Distillation Across Model Families

From student-generated rollouts to GOLD: how cross-tokenizer alignment enables logit distillation, with observations on early training instability and a recovery workflow using retries and segmented supervised fine-tuning.

On-policy distillation GOLD Cross-tokenizer alignment
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GRPO: Learning from a Group of Answers

An introduction to Group Relative Policy Optimization: how group rewards replace a learned critic, how clipping and a reference policy guide updates, and how DAPO, GSPO, and reward design extend the approach.

GRPO LLM training Reward design
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FiLM: A Simple Way to Let One Input Guide Another

An intuitive introduction to Feature-wise Linear Modulation: how a conditioning input produces feature-level scale and shift controls, where FiLM fits inside neural-network blocks, and how the mechanism is trained.

FiLM Conditioning Neural networks
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